UNIT 1 RELATIVE CLAUSES
GRAMMAR
& EXERCISES
UNIT 2 MODAL VERBS
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MEANING
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TIME REFERENCE
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PRESENT / FUTURE
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PAST
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Ability
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can
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could
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was / were able to
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managed to
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Possibility
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may, might, could
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would/might/could + have + pp (didn't actually happen)
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may/might/could + have + pp (don't know whether it happened or not)
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Probability
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will
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---
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Certainty
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must, can't
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must / can't + have + pp
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Obligation
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must, have to
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had to
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Necessity
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have to, need
to, need
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had to / didn't
have to
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didn't need to
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needn't have + pp
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Advice
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should, ought to, had better
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should /ought to + have + pp (regret)
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Requests
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can, could
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---
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Would you mind + -ing ...?
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Permission
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can, could, may
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---
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Do you mind if I
...?
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Offers
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Shall I ...?
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---
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Suggestions
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Shall we ...?
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---
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Let's + V
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How about + -ing ...?
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Why don't we ...?
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Breve resumen en castellano
VERBOS MODALES ¿Qué significan y
cuándo se utilizan?
Los significados de estos verbos son
muchos y dependen del contexto. Pueden ir seguidos del
infinitivo (play,go, do) o del
infinitivo perfecto (have played, have gone, have done). Si se utiliza el
infinitivo perfecto, entonces
siempre se refiere a una acción acaecida en el pasado.
She may buy a new car
She may have bought a new car
You should listen to me
Youshould have listened to me
Can, Could,
May, Might
Estos cuatro verbos modales
significan “poder” hacer algo en sus diversos sentidos de capacidad
(ability), posibilidad
(possibility), peticiones y permiso (request & permission). “Can” y “May”
se
traducen por “puedo” y “Could” y
“Might” por “podría”, pero hay que tener en cuenta varios aspectosfundamentales
entre ellos.
Can / May (possibility)
·
I can watch the Simpsons tonight
(“Puedoverlos”, no hay problema)
·
I may watch the Simpsons tonight
(“Puede quelos vea”, no lo sé)
Can/ Could
(ability)
la mayoría de los verbos modales,
entre ellos “Can”, no tienen ni pasado ni otros tiempos verbales. Sin embargo,
hay una excepción a esta regla. Si el verbo “Can”significa “poder” en el
sentido de capacidad, de saber hacer
algo, “Could” expresa la idea de que se
podía hacer algo en el pasado.
·
She can resist a lot when running
(“Puede resistir mucho corriendo”
–
Presente)
·
She could resist a lot when running
(“Podía resistir mucho corriendo
–
Pasado)
Be able to
Significa “poder”, “ser capaz de” y
sustituye a can en todas aquellas formas verbales de que este
verbo carece, sobre todo en el
futuro.
·
I will never be able to pass my driving test.
Must, Have to
Tienen que ver con la idea de
obligac
ión y sus significados son casi
idénticos, “Must” significa “deber”
y “Have to” significa “tener que”.
·
I
must/have to study for the exam (misma idea)
De hecho, “Have to” sustituye a
“Must” en todas aquellas formas de que este verbo carece, sobre
todo en el pasado y el futuro.
·
Michael had to go to the hospital because his father had an accident.
·
You will have to call the doctor if she has a temperature.
Sin embargo, en la forma negativa,
ambos verbos significan cosas completamente distintas: mustn’t
indica que no se debe hacer algo
(obligación de no hacer algo), mientras que don’t/doesn’t have to
indica que no se tiene por qué hacer
algo, no es necesario (ausencia de obligación o necesidad).
·
You don’t have to speak so fast
(You needn’t speak so fast = “No tienes que...”
·
You mustn’t speak so fast
(It is your obligation not to speak so fast = “No debes...”)
Should, Ought to = “Debería”
Significan lo mismo y se utilizan
para dar consejos, aunque “Should” es más frecuente.
·
They should drive more carefully
·
They ought to drive more carefully
Need to, Needn’t
Ambos indican la necesidad o no de
hacer algo.
·
Patrick needs to take a shower more often
·
Sheila needn’t work so hard
Modales perfectos
Como ya hemos dicho, los modales
seguidos del infinitivo perfecto (have+pp) se
refieren a un hechoya pasado. Hay
muchas posibilidades, pero nos vamos a centrar en los siguientes casos:
Must have+pp
Indica que deduzco o concluyo que
debe haber pasado algo. (seguro que...)
·
They haven’t arrived yet. They must have lost their way.
·
The teacher called Keith an idiot. He must have felt very angry.
May/Might have+pp
Indica la posibilidad de que puede
haber pasado algo.
·
Lola may have talked to her ex-boyfriend but she didn’t tell me.
·
I might have read that book before, but I don’t remember.
Can’t have+pp or Couldn't have+pp
Indica que no me creo que haya
pasado eso, no me entra en la cabeza.(seguro que no /es imposible que)
·
Tamara can’t have won a Grammy award. That’s impossible!!!
·
My brother can’t have said that. I just don’t believe it
Could, Should/Ought to have+pp
Indican que se podía o debería haber
hechoalgo en el pasado, pero que no se hizo.
·
Michael is ill in bed.
o
You could have told me that
o
You should have told me that
o
You ought to have told me that
Shouldn’t/Ought not to, Needn’t have+pp
Indican que no se debería o no se
necesitaba haber hecho algo enel pasado, pero que no obstante se
hizo.
·
You shouldn’t have drunk so much
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You ought not to have drunk so much
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You needn’t have drunk so much to enjoy the party
(“No necesitabas...”, pero bebiste)
·
You needn’t have brought blankets
(“No necesitabas haber traído
sábanas”, pero las trajiste).
MODAL VERBS (THEORY AND
EXERCISES) 1º y 2º BACHILLERATO
Un verbo modal es aquel que se usa
en combinación con un verbo principal para expresar obligación, prohibición,
capacidad o habilidad para realizar alguna tarea, para hacer recomendaciones,
etc.
Ex. Ralph can speak three languages.
You know you shouldn´t smoke, so why do you do it?
- Son verbos incompletos, es decir, les faltan tiempos verbales. No tienen participio ni infinitivo. Al faltarles tiempos, utilizan otros verbos para completar su conjugación. Así, “can” se completa con “be able to” , “must” con “have to”, etc.
- No llevan -s en la tercera persona del singular del presente simple, excepto el verbo “have (got)” y “be able to”.
- Todos van seguidos de un verbo en infinitivo sin “to” , excepto “ought to”, “have to”, “be able to” y “used to”.
- Como no necesitan verbo auxiliar, construyen la interrogativa invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo, y la negativa añadiendo “not”.
- Nunca uses “do, does, o did” en las preguntas en las que ya estén otros verbos modales como “can, must, etc..
- OBLIGACIÓN
- Must (deber, tener que): “you must train very hard if you want to be a successful athlete”.
- Have to (tener que): “I have to get up at six every morning except Sundays”.
NOTA: “must” se utiliza para dar
órdenes, mandatos, obligaciones. Si el que habla desea suavizar esta autoridad,
se suele usar “have to”. “Have to y must” se complementan porque tienen un
significado similar. Por ello se utiliza “have to” en todos los tiempos que
faltan a “must” (por ejemplo, “had to” es el pasado de” must” y “will have to”
sería el futuro de “must”).
- PROHIBICIÓN
- Mustn´t (no deber): “ You mustn´t make a noise during the exam”.
- Aren´t/weren´t allowed to (no estar permitido/no estaba permitido): “Teachers aren´t allowed to smoke inside the school”.
- Can´t/couldn´t (no poder/ no podíamos): “You can´t take photos using a flash in this museum”.
NOTA: “Mustn´t” es el modal más
usual para indicar prohibición.
3. NECESIDAD
- Need (necesitar): “We need to buy some butteries for the camera”.
- PERMISO (pedir y dar permiso)
- Can (poder): “I hate that song! Can I put something different on?” “Yes, you can.”
- May (poder): “May I use your computer ? Yes, you may”.
- Could (podría): “Could I use your computer?
- Are/were allowed to (permitir): “My sister is allowed to use a dictionary in her translation exams at university. Incredible!”.
NOTA: “Can, could y may” son los
modales más comunes para pedir y dar permiso. “Can y could” se utiliza en un
contexto informal y “May” se utiliza en un contexto formal.
- AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACIÓN O DE NECESIDAD
- Needn´t (no necesitar): “You needn´t give me back my camera until I go on holiday next month.”
- Don´t have to/didn´t have to (no es necesario que ):”Jimmy doesn´t have to retake any exams; he passed them all first time.
NOTA: En este sentido “don´t have
to” tiene un sentido más fuerte que “needn´t”.
En este contexto “have to” necesita
el auxiliar ”DO” para interrogar y negar (you don´t have to……/do you have to
….?)
- RECOMENDACIONES, SUGERENCIAS, CONSEJOS, OPINIONES
- Should (debería):”Brian should buy a new computer”
- Ought to (debería): “Bob ought to be more careful when he is driving: he is a real danger to pedestrians.
- Could (podrías):” You could ask your parents to lend you some money if you haven´t got enough.
NOTA: “Should” es el modal más común
para indicar una recomendación. Es prácticamente idéntico a “ought to” , pero
este verbo no es tan frecuente como should.
- HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO (PRESENTE)
- Can (saber):” Marty can play the guitar better than anyone I know”.
NOTA: El verbo que puede sustituir a “can” en este uso es “know how to” (do
you know how to cook good Mexican food?)
8. HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y
CONOCIMIENTO (PASADO)
- Could (sabía): “She was a gifted child and could read when she was only three years old.
- was/were able to (fue capaz de,pudo ): “I was abroad on holiday at the time of the general Election but I was able to vote by post.”
NOTA: Cuando nos referimos a una
habilidad que se tuvo en una ocasión concreta del pasado se utiliza “was able
to”.
9. AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O
CAPACIDAD EN EL PRESENTE
- Can´t (no sabe):”My father can´t drive but my grandmother can.
- AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O CAPACIDAD EN EL PASADO
- Couldn´t ( no sabía/no podía):”Did you know that Einstein couldn´t speak fluently until he was nine?
- Wasn´t/weren´t able to “no fue capaz de/no pudo); “Despite playing well, they weren´t able to score the goals they needed to qualify”.
- POSIBILIDAD/INCERTIDUMBRE
- Se utiliza “might, may o could” + infinitivo para hablar de posibilidad en el futuro o de posibilidad referida a actividades presentes.
- May (puede que, tal vez): “Some students may fail the exam”.
- Might (pudiera ser que): “They might go to the opera, but they prefer rock concerts.
- Could (podría): “He could be at a friend´s house”.
NOTA: “Could” es menos frecuente que
“may y might”
“Might” es una posibilidad más
incierta que “May”
- Se emplea may, might o could + be+ Ving para hablar de actividades que pueden estar ocurriendo en el momento de hablar (Joe might be doing his homework or he could be watching the football on tv.
- DEDUCCIONES
Una deducción consiste en llegar a
una conclusión a través de una interpretación lógica que se apoya en algún tipo
de evidencia. Algunas veces la conclusión es muy probable (estamos seguros de
ella o casi seguros) y otras veces, más que ser una conclusión probable, se
trata de una conclusión posible (no estamos muy seguros de ella).
- Must + V infin. (debe ): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma afirmativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros. Ex.”Pamela isn´t a t home and I know she works a lot. She must be at work.
- Can´t + V infinit (no puede): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma negativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros. Ex.”Teresa can´t like dancing very much. She hardly ever dances when I see her at the disco.
- Must/can´t+ be+ Ving : para expresar conclusiones probables de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros y que se refieren a hechos que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar.Ex: “Chris is very quiet, isn´t he? Yes, he must be thinking about something.
- HACER OFRECIMIENTOS
- Can: “Can I help you” (¿Te puedo ayudar?) INFORMAL
- Will: “Never mind, I will pick you up tomorrow morning. (No te preocupes, te recogeré mañana por la mañana). FORMAL
- Would: “Would you like anything from the shop? (¿Querrías algo de la tienda?) FORMAL
- PEDIR A OTRA PERSONA QUE HAGA ALGO
- Can/could. Ex. “Can/could you close the door?” INFORMAL
- Will/would. Ex. Would/will you close the door, please? FORMAL
- EXPRESAR HÁBITOS Y RUTINAS EN EL PASADO
- Would: “When I was a child we´d go to Scotland every summer” ( Cuando era un niño íbamos a Escocia todos los veranos).
- Used to: “She used to play with me in the playground when we were at school. (Jugaba conmigo en el patio cuando estábamos en el colegio).
- OFRECERSE UNO MISMO PARA HACER ALGO
- Shall: “shall I carry your bags?(¿Te llevo las bolsas?) FORMAL
- Can: “Can I carry your bags? (¿Puedo llevarte las bolsas?) INFORMAL
NOTA: “Shall” se utiliza sólo con la
primera persona (I/we).
MODALES
PERFECTOS
Se forman añadiendo al modal un
infinitivo perfecto, cuya estructura es “have + Vparticipio -ed, si es regular
o la tercera columna de los verbos irregulares. Se usan para referirnos a
acciones pasadas.
- Needn´t + have +Vparticipio (no necesitaba haber/ no tenía que haber…): para señalar que una persona hizo algo aunque esto no hubiera sido necesario.Ex: “She needn´t have taken a taxi. I would have picked her up if she had phoned me.
- Should/ought to + have + Vparticipio (debería haber …): para indicar que una acción fue poco sensata o que no se siguió un consejo en el pasado.Ex: “He should have locked the door.
- May/might/could + have + V participio (puede/podría haber …): para hablar a cerca de hechos que posiblemente ocurrieron en el pasado, pero no tenemos certeza absoluta. Si usamos “might”, la suposición es incluso más remota. Ex: She may have made a mistake
- Must + have + Vparticipio (debe haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma afirmativa y que se refiere a un hecho del pasado.Ex: Ferry said he woul phone me but he didn´t. He must have forgotten.
- Can´t + have + Vparticipio (no puede haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma negativa de la que estamos seguros o casi seguros y que se refiere a un hecho del pasado.EX: I saw Carolina in the street today. She can´t have gone on holiday yet.
http://www.webcolegios.com/file/5e329e.pdf
http://www.ispilledthebeans.com/exercises/PDF/exercisesmodalverbs.pdf
http://inglesloscerros.wikispaces.com/3+Modal+Verbs
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal1.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal2.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal8.htm
http://www.inglesmundial.com/B12/grammar.htm
http://www.inglesmundial.com/B12/grammar.htm
UNIT 3 THE PASSIVE VOICE
Active / Passive Overview
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Active
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Passive
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Simple Present
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Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
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Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
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Present Continuous
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Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
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Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
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Simple Past
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Sam repaired the car.
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The car was repaired by Sam.
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Past Continuous
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The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the
store.
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The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came
into the store.
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Present Perfect
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Many tourists have visited that castle.
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That castle has been visited by many tourists.
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Present Perfect Continuous
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Recently, John has been doing the work.
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Recently, the work has been being done by John.
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Past Perfect
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George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's
license.
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Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his
mechanic's license.
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Past Perfect Continuous
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Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners
for two years before he moved to Paris.
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The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef
Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
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Simple Future
will |
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
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The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
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Simple Future
be going to |
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
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A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
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Future Continuous
will |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.
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At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
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Future Continuous
be going to |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.
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At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by
John.
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Future Perfect
will |
They will have completed the project before the deadline.
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The project will have been completed before the deadline.
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Future Perfect
be going to |
They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.
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The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
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Future Perfect Continuous
will |
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six
months by the time it is finished.
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The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for
over six months by the time it is finished.
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Future Perfect Continuous
be going to |
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for
over six months by the time it is finished.
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The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist
for over six months by the time it is finished.
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Used to
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Jerry used to pay the bills.
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The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
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Would Always
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My mother would always make the pies.
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The pies would always be made by my mother.
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Future in the Past
Would |
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.
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I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
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Future in the Past
Was Going to |
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
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I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally
tonight.
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GRAMMAR
EXERCISES
EASY:
HAVING THINGS DONE/MANDAR HACER ALGO
THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Have /get + objeto + participio pasado = I have /get my watch mended
A. Se usa un verbo causativo para
expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.
She always has her food delivered
(en lugar de traerla ella, pide a alguien que se la traiga)
I got my phtograph taken for my passport (otra persona me hizo la foto)
Esta estructura tiene un significado
pasivo, puesto que el sustantivo que va en medio recibe la acción expresada por
el verbo en participio.
Nota:
a) get también indica que el
objeto realiza personalmente la acción o se implica mucho en su ejecución.
When I get my homework done, I’ll match TV
b) have es un poco
más formal que get y get es más frecuente que have en la
forma imperativa.Example: Get
your bedroom tidied at once!
.
Nótese la diferencia entre:
a) I’m going to have/get this chair restored
b) I’m going to restore this chair
En la frase a) yo voy a llevar la
silla a alguien para que efectúe la restauración, mientras que en la b) soy yo
mismo quien la efectúa.
B. Si quisiéramos mencionar quién hace la acción,
podríamos añadir by + el agente al final de la frase.
Susan had her car repaired by a
mechanic (Susan llevó el coche a un mecánico para que se lo arreglara)
C. El verbo causativo puede usarse
prácticamente en cualquier tiempo, incluso en las formas continuas.
We’re having our house painted this week
Jack will be getting his messages sent by e-mail from now on
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TENSE
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HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
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Present Simple
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I have/get my hair cut.
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Past Simple
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I had/got my hair cut.
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Present Continuous
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I'm having/getting my hair cut.
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Past Continuous
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I was having/getting my hair cut.
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Present Perfect
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I have had my hair cut.
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Past Perfect
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I had had my hair cut.
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will
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I will have my hair cut.
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must
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I must have my hair cut.
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be going to
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I'm going to have my hair cut.
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D. La interrogativa y la negativa se
forman como las de cualquier otro verbo
Do you have your car serviced regularly?
Did he get his house redecorated last week?
You won’t have your eyes tested next week
I’m not getting my hair cut today.
E. En situaciones en las que se
quiere indicar que algo desagradable ha ocurrido en el pasado se suele usar
have + objeto + participio
He had his car broken last week
I had my finger bitten during the fight
She had his mobile phone stolen while she was playing in the playground
UNIT 4
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/ IF-CLAUSES
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GRAMMAR LINKS / GRAMÁTICA DE FRASES DE CONDICIONAL (IF-CLAUSES)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/4785983/Aulas-09-e-10-if-Clauses-Conditionals
EXERCISES
EASY
ZERO TYPE
EXERCISES
EASY
ZERO TYPE
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise3.html
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise4.html
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise4.html
INVERSION IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (ADVANCED LEVEL)
In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of
subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.
Consider these examples:
- Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.
In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of
subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.
Consider these examples:
- Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.
- Had I known this fact before, I wouldn't have come here.
- Had Jake been informed about the meeting, he would have participated.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Grammar theory -
Conditional clauses, describe
the condition upon which the action in the main clause depends. Their basic
structure is the following:
If…………then………………..
Different types of conditional
will depend on how possible is that expressed in the conditional clause.
Here if could be
replaced by when and the resulting sentence would be:
'When it was very cold, we
switched on the heating.'
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IF
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PRESENT (or same tense)
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PRESENT (or same tense
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If
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It is very cold/it was very cold
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We switch/switched on the heating
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What happens in the main
clause may or may not happen, depending on the conditional cluse
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IF
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PRESENT
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FUTURE, IMPERATIVE, CAN, MAY
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If
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You want to lose weight,
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You will probably be hungry
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If
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You see her,
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Tell her to give me a ring
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IMPERATIVE
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"AND"/"OR"
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FUTURE
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Keep working like that
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And
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You will have an accident
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Please sit down
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Or
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You won't see the show.
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Something that may happen is
seen as depending on chance or highly improbable.
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IF
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SHOULD
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FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
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If
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You should find this can difficult to open,
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Return to the shop
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SHOULD + subject + verb
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FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
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Should you find my keyholder,
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You will telephone me immediately
Telephone me immediately
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The main clause depends on an
imaginary non fact in the if-clause, expressed by past tenses
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IF
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PAST
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CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
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If
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You bought a car
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You would spend money on fuel
You could drive your friends around
|
It is less likely that the
action in the conditional takes place.
|
IF
|
"WERE TO"
|
CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
|
|
If
|
You were to meet Mr James,
|
You could see that he's a nasty little guy
|
|
WERE + SUBJECT + TO INFINITIVE
|
CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
|
|
|
Were you to find walking difficult,
|
You could try the easy way up.
|
|
What is said in the main
clause is an imaginary consequence of something that that didn't happen
|
IF
|
PAST PERFECT
|
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
|
|
If
|
We had followed his advices
|
We would have found a house near the river
|
|
IF
|
PAST PERFECT
|
COULD or MIGHT HAVE
|
|
If
|
You had told me before
|
I could have got you the tickets
|
In type 1
|
"SHOULD" INVERTED
|
FUTURE or IMPERATIVE
|
|
Should my mother call me
|
Tell her I'm not feeling too well
|
In type 2
|
"WERE TO" INVERTED
|
CONDITIONAL
|
|
Were they to arrive tomorrow
|
We would have to buy some food
|
In type 3
|
PAST PERFECT INVERTED
|
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
|
|
Had you seen what I saw
|
you would have also believed it
|
|
UNLESS
" Si no…"
"A menos que..."
|
You won't finish the race unless you control your effort.
|
|
"WHETHER…OR NOT"
"Tanto….como si no "
|
Whether you pay or not, you won't get in without an invitation.
|
|
"ON CONDITION THAT"
"PROVIDED THAT"
"PROVIDING THAT"
"SO LONG AS"
"AS LONG AS
"Siempre que, en tanto que,
con la condición de que,...etc
"ASSUMING THAT"
"SUPPOSING THAT"
"SUPPOSE THAT"
"Suponiendo que.."
|
"I will only tell my age on condition that you tell yours."
"What would you do supposing that you were given the chance to see
the future ?"
"Assuming that it's fine tomorrow, we'll go for a swim"
|
